Author: Pourya Naderi, Alan Teo, Ilya Sytchev, and Winston Hide
Date: 2026-05-18

# miRNA and pathway analysis with PanomiR

Pourya Naderi, Alan Teo, Ilya Sytchev, and Winston Hide

#### 18 May 2026

# Contents

# 1 Introduction

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can target co-expressed genes to coordinate multiple pathways. “Pathway networks of miRNA Regulation” (PanomiR) is a framework to support the discovery of miRNA regulators based on their targeting of coordinated pathways. It analyzes and prioritizes multi-pathway dynamics of miRNA-orchestrated regulation, as opposed to investigating isolated miRNA-pathway interaction events. PanomiR uses predefined pathways, their co-activation, gene expression, and annotated miRNA-mRNA interactions to extract miRNA-pathway targeting events. This vignette describes PanomiR’s functions and analysis tools to derive these multi-pathway targeting events.

If you use PanomiR for your research, please cite PanomiR’s manuscript (Naderi Yeganeh et al. 2022). Please send any questions/suggestions you may have to `pnaderiy [at] bidmc [dot] harvard [dot] edu` or submit Github issues at https://github.com/pouryany/PanomiR.

Naderi Yeganeh, Pourya, Yue Yang Teo, Dimitra Karagkouni, Yered Pita-Juarez, Sarah L. Morgan, Ioannis S. Vlachos, and Winston Hide. “PanomiR: A systems biology framework for analysis of multi-pathway targeting by miRNAs.” bioRxiv (2022). doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.12.499819.

# 2 Installation

PanomiR can be accessed via Bioconductor. To install, start R (version >= 4.2.0) and run the following code.

    if (!requireNamespace("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE))
        install.packages("BiocManager")

    BiocManager::install("PanomiR")

You can also install the latest development version of PanomiR using GitHub.

    devtools::install_github("pouryany/PanomiR")

# 3 Overview

PanomiR is a framework to prioritize disease-associated miRNAs using activity of disease-associated pathways. The input datasets for PanomiR are (a) a gene expression dataset along with covariates such as disease-state and batch, (b) a background collection of pathways/genesets, and (c) a collection of miRNAs and their gene targets.

The workflow of PanomiR includes (a) generation of pathway summary statistics from gene expression data, (b) detection of differentially activated pathways, (c) finding coherent groups, or clusters, of differentially activated pathways, and (d) detecting miRNAs that target each group of pathways.

Individual steps of the workflow can be used in isolation to carry out specific analyses. The following sections outline each step and the material needed to execute PanomiR.

# 4 Pathway summarization

PanomiR generates pathway activity summary profiles from gene expression data and a list of pathways. Pathway summaries are numbers that represent the overall activity of genes that belong to each pathway. These numbers are calculated based on a methodology previously described in part by Altschuler et al. (Altschuler et al. 2013; Joachim et al. 2018). Briefly, genes in each sample are ranked by their expression values and then pathway summaries are calculated as the average rank-squared of genes within a pathway. The summaries are then center and scaled (zNormalized) across samples.

The default list of background pathways in PanomiR is formatted into a table (`data("path_gene_table")`). The table is based on canonical pathways collection of Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) V6.2 and it contains annotated pathways from a variety of sources (Liberzon et al. 2011).

** Users interested in using other pathway/geneset backgrounds, such as newer versions of MSigDB or KEGG, should refer to the appendix of this manual.

This section uses a reduced example dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (LIHC) dataset to generate pathway summary statistics (Ally et al. 2017). Note: Make sure that you select a gene representation type that matches the rownames of your expression data. The type can be modified using the `id` argument in the function below. The default value for this argument is `ENSEMBL`.

    library(PanomiR)

    # Pathway reference from the PanomiR package
    data("path_gene_table")
    data("miniTestsPanomiR")
    # Generating pathway summary statistics

    summaries <- pathwaySummary(miniTestsPanomiR$mini_LIHC_Exp,
                                path_gene_table, method = "x2",
                                zNormalize = TRUE, id = "ENSEMBL")

    head(summaries)[,1:2]
    #>                         TCGA-BC-A10S-01A-22R-A131-07
    #> BIOCARTA_41BB_PATHWAY                     -0.1506216
    #> BIOCARTA_ACE2_PATHWAY                     -0.5676447
    #> BIOCARTA_ACH_PATHWAY                      -0.3211747
    #> BIOCARTA_ACTINY_PATHWAY                    1.4363526
    #> BIOCARTA_AGPCR_PATHWAY                    -0.1948523
    #> BIOCARTA_AGR_PATHWAY                       0.6802993
    #>                         TCGA-BC-4073-01B-02R-A131-07
    #> BIOCARTA_41BB_PATHWAY                     -0.1269436
    #> BIOCARTA_ACE2_PATHWAY                     -0.8327436
    #> BIOCARTA_ACH_PATHWAY                      -0.4390042
    #> BIOCARTA_ACTINY_PATHWAY                    1.4975456
    #> BIOCARTA_AGPCR_PATHWAY                    -0.2499193
    #> BIOCARTA_AGR_PATHWAY                       0.5420588

# 5 Differential Pathway activation

Once you generate the pathway activity profiles, as discussed in the last section, there are several possible analyses that you can perform. We have bundled some of the most important ones into standalone functions. Here, we describe differential pathway activity profiling to determine dysregulatd pathways. This function analyzes differences in pathway activity profiles in user-determined conditions.

At this stage you need to provide a pathway-gene association table, an expression dataset, and a covariates table. You need to specify covariates that you would like to contrast. You also need to provide a contrast, as formatted in limma (Ritchie et al. 2015). If the contrast is not provided, the function assumes the first two levels of the provided covariate are to be contrasted. Note: make sure the contrast covariate is formatted as factor.

    output0 <- differentialPathwayAnalysis(
                            geneCounts = miniTestsPanomiR$mini_LIHC_Exp,
                            pathways =  path_gene_table,
                            covariates = miniTestsPanomiR$mini_LIHC_Cov,
                            condition = 'shortLetterCode')

    de.paths <- output0$DEP

    head(de.paths,3)
    #>                                                 logFC   AveExpr          t
    #> REACTOME_GROWTH_HORMONE_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING -0.9159376 0.3044281 -10.404966
    #> BIOCARTA_AKT_PATHWAY                       -0.5744103 0.3123897  -6.770069
    #> PID_IL5_PATHWAY                            -0.6219876 0.4240432  -6.255756
    #>                                                 P.Value   adj.P.Val        B
    #> REACTOME_GROWTH_HORMONE_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING 1.942463e-06 0.002012391 5.240095
    #> BIOCARTA_AKT_PATHWAY                       6.903010e-05 0.035757593 2.126311
    #> PID_IL5_PATHWAY                            1.276971e-04 0.040289104 1.550780
    #>                                                                       contrast
    #> REACTOME_GROWTH_HORMONE_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING shortLetterCodeTP-shortLetterCodeNT
    #> BIOCARTA_AKT_PATHWAY                       shortLetterCodeTP-shortLetterCodeNT
    #> PID_IL5_PATHWAY                            shortLetterCodeTP-shortLetterCodeNT

# 6 Finding clusters of pathways

PanomiR provides a function to find groups coordinated differentially activated pathways based on a pathway co-expression network (PCxN) previously described in (Pita-Juárez et al. 2018). Briefly, PCxN is a network where nodes are pathways and links are co-expression between the nodes. It is formatted into a table were rows represent edges. The edges of PCxN are marked by two numbers, 1- a correlation co-efficient and 2- a significance adjusted p-value. Cut-offs for both of these numbers can be manually set using PanomiR functions. See function manuals for more info.

PCxN and its associated genesets are already released and can be accessed through following Bioconductor packages: pcxn and pcxnData.

Here we have provided a small version of PCxN for tutorial purposes. A more recent version of PCxN based on MSigDB V6.2 is available through the data repository accompanying PanomiR manuscript, which can be found here.

    # using an updated version of pcxn

    set.seed(2)
    pathwayClustsLIHC <- mappingPathwaysClusters(
                                pcxn = miniTestsPanomiR$miniPCXN,
                                dePathways = de.paths[1:300,],
                                topPathways = 200,
                                outDir=".",
                                plot = FALSE,
                                subplot = FALSE,
                                prefix='',
                                clusteringFunction = "cluster_louvain",
                                correlationCutOff = 0.1)

    head(pathwayClustsLIHC$Clustering)
    #>                      Pathway cluster
    #> 1       BIOCARTA_NO1_PATHWAY       1
    #> 2       BIOCARTA_AKT_PATHWAY       1
    #> 3       BIOCARTA_ALK_PATHWAY       1
    #> 4     BIOCARTA_RANKL_PATHWAY       1
    #> 5       BIOCARTA_MCM_PATHWAY       3
    #> 6 BIOCARTA_CELLCYCLE_PATHWAY       3

# 7 Prioritizing miRNAs per cluster of pathways.

PanomiR identifies miRNAs that target clusters of pathways, as defined in the last section. In order to this, you would need a reference table of miRNA-Pathway association score (enrichment). We recommend using a customized miRNA-Pathway association table, tailored to your experimental data. This section provides an overview of prioritization process. Readers who interested in knowing more about the technical details of PanomiR can access PanomiR’s accompanying publication (Naderi Yeganeh et al. 2022).

## 7.1 Enrichment reference

Here, we provide a pre-processed small example table of miRNA-pathway enrichment in `miniTestsPanomiR$miniEnrich` object. This table contains enrichment analysis results using Fisher’s Exact Test between MSigDB pathways and TargetScan miRNA targets. The individual components are accessible via `data(msigdb_c2)` and `data(targetScan_03)` (Agarwal et al. 2015; Liberzon et al. 2011). This example table contains only a subset of the full pairwise enrichment. You can refer to section 5 of this manual to learn how to create enrichment tables and how to customize them to your specific gene expression data.

## 7.2 Generating targeting scores

PanomiR generates individual scores for individual miRNAs, which quantify targeting a group of pathways. These scores are generated based on the reference enrichment table described in the previous section. We are interested in knowing to what extent each miRNA targets clusters of pathways identified in the last step (see previous section).

PanomiR constructs a null distribution of the targeting score for each miRNA. It then contrasts observed scores from a given group of pathways (clusters) against the null distribution in order to generate a targeting p-value. These p-values are used to rank miRNAs per cluster.

## 7.3 Sampling parameter

The process described above requires repeated sampling to empirically obtain the null distribution. The argument `sampRate` denotes the number of repeats in the process. Note that in the example below, we use a sampling rate of 50, the recommended rate is between 500-1000. Also, we set the `saveSampling` argument to `FALSE`. This argument, when set `TRUE`, ensures that the null distribution is obtained only once. This argument should be set to TRUE if you wish to save your sampling and check for different outputs from the clustering algorithms or pathway thresholds.

    set.seed(1)
    output2 <- prioritizeMicroRNA(enriches0 = miniTestsPanomiR$miniEnrich,
                        pathClust = miniTestsPanomiR$miniPathClusts$Clustering,
                        topClust = 1,
                        sampRate = 50,
                        method = c("aggInv"),
                        outDir = "Output/",
                        dataDir = "outData/",
                        saveSampling = FALSE,
                        runJackKnife = FALSE,
                        numCores = 1,
                        prefix = "outmiR",
                        saveCSV = FALSE)
    #> Working on Cluster1.
    #> Performing aggInv function.
    #> aggInv Method Done

    head(output2$Cluster1)
    #>                                 x cluster_hits aggInv_cover  aggInv_pval
    #> 1                hsa-miR-101-3p.2            6   -1.9566603 0.0001216703
    #> 2                hsa-miR-101-3p.1            4   -0.3395771 0.0006214715
    #> 3 hsa-miR-124-3p.2/hsa-miR-506-3p            7   -0.2357761 0.0008599272
    #> 4                 hsa-miR-1247-5p            4   -1.6599230 0.0021625662
    #> 5                 hsa-miR-1249-3p            1   -2.4578993 0.0042061415
    #> 6                 hsa-miR-1252-5p            4   -0.7572036 0.0050836835
    #>    aggInv_fdr
    #> 1 0.002433406
    #> 2 0.005732848
    #> 3 0.005732848
    #> 4 0.010812831
    #> 5 0.016824566
    #> 6 0.016945612

# 8 miRNA-Pathway enrichment tables

We recommend using PanomiR with on tissue/experiment-customized datasets. In order to do this, you need to create a customized enrichment table. You can simply do so by using the pathway and miRNA list that we have provided as a part of the package. Simply, plug in the name of the genes that are present (expressed) in your experiment in the following code:

    # using an updated version of pcxn
    data("msigdb_c2")
    data("targetScan_03")

    customeTableEnrich <- miRNAPathwayEnrichment(mirSets = targetScan_03,
                                                  pathwaySets = msigdb_c2,
                                                  geneSelection = yourGenes,
                                                  mirSelection = yourMicroRNAs,
                                                  fromID = "ENSEMBL",
                                                  toID = "ENTREZID",
                                                  minPathSize = 9,
                                                  numCores = 1,
                                                  outDir = ".",
                                                  saveOutName = NULL)

In the above section, the field `fromID` denotes the gene representation format of your input list. Here is a quick example that runs fast. Note that the `miRNAPathwayEnrichment()` function creates a detailed report with parameters that are used internally. To get a smaller table that is suitable for publication purposes, use `reportEnrichment()` function.

    # using an updated version of pcxn
    data("msigdb_c2")
    data("targetScan_03")

    tempEnrich <-miRNAPathwayEnrichment(targetScan_03[1:30],msigdb_c2[1:30])

    head(reportEnrichment(tempEnrich))
    #>                               miRNA                Pathway    pval pAdjust
    #> 14                  hsa-miR-1252-5p   BIOCARTA_CSK_PATHWAY 0.00179   0.259
    #> 55    hsa-miR-1271-5p/hsa-miR-96-5p   BIOCARTA_AKT_PATHWAY 0.01100   1.000
    #> 122                hsa-miR-124-3p.1 BIOCARTA_RANKL_PATHWAY 0.01550   1.000
    #> 53  hsa-miR-124-3p.2/hsa-miR-506-3p   BIOCARTA_AKT_PATHWAY 0.03740   1.000
    #> 99                  hsa-miR-1252-5p BIOCARTA_AGPCR_PATHWAY 0.03940   1.000
    #> 112                hsa-miR-124-3p.1   BIOCARTA_BCR_PATHWAY 0.05360   1.000

# 9 Customized genesets and recommendations

PanomiR can integrate genesets and pathways from external sources including those annotated in MSigDB. In order to do so, you need to provide a `GeneSetCollection` object as defined in the `GSEABase` package.

The example below illustrates using external sources to create your own customized pathway-gene association table. This customized table can replace the `path_gene_table` input in sections 1, 2, and 5 of this manual.

    data("gscExample")

    newPathGeneTable <-tableFromGSC(gscExample)
    #>
    #>
    #> 'select()' returned 1:1 mapping between keys and columns
    #> 'select()' returned 1:1 mapping between keys and columns

The the pathway correlation network in section 3 is build upon an MSigDB V6.2, canonical pathways (cp) collection dataset that includes KEGG Pathways. KEGG prohibits distribution of its pathways by third parties. You can access desired versions of MSigDB in gmt format via this link (Subramanian et al. 2005).

The library `msigdb` provides an programmatic interface to download different geneset collections. Including how to add KEGG pathways or download mouse genesets. Use the this MSigDB tutorial to create your desired gene sets.

You can also use the following code chunk to create pathway-gene association tables from gmt files.

    library(GSEABase)

    yourGeneSetCollection <- getGmt("YOUR GMT FILE")
    newPathGeneTable      <- tableFromGSC(yourGeneSetCollection)

# 10 Session info

    sessionInfo()
    #> R version 4.6.0 Patched (2026-05-01 r89994)
    #> Platform: aarch64-apple-darwin23
    #> Running under: macOS Tahoe 26.3.1
    #>
    #> Matrix products: default
    #> BLAS:   /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.6/Resources/lib/libRblas.0.dylib
    #> LAPACK: /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.6/Resources/lib/libRlapack.dylib;  LAPACK version 3.12.1
    #>
    #> locale:
    #> [1] C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8/C/en_US.UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8
    #>
    #> time zone: America/New_York
    #> tzcode source: internal
    #>
    #> attached base packages:
    #> [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
    #>
    #> other attached packages:
    #> [1] PanomiR_1.17.0   BiocStyle_2.41.0
    #>
    #> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    #>   [1] DBI_1.3.0               gson_0.1.0              httr2_1.2.2
    #>   [4] GSEABase_1.75.0         rlang_1.2.0             magrittr_2.0.5
    #>   [7] DOSE_4.7.0              otel_0.2.0              compiler_4.6.0
    #>  [10] RSQLite_3.52.0          systemfonts_1.3.2       png_0.1-9
    #>  [13] callr_3.7.6             vctrs_0.7.3             reshape2_1.4.5
    #>  [16] stringr_1.6.0           pkgconfig_2.0.3         crayon_1.5.3
    #>  [19] fastmap_1.2.0           XVector_0.53.0          rmarkdown_2.31
    #>  [22] enrichplot_1.33.0       graph_1.91.0            purrr_1.2.2
    #>  [25] bit_4.6.0               xfun_0.57               cachem_1.1.0
    #>  [28] aplot_0.2.9             jsonlite_2.0.0          blob_1.3.0
    #>  [31] tidydr_0.0.6            tweenr_2.0.3            cluster_2.1.8.2
    #>  [34] parallel_4.6.0          R6_2.6.1                bslib_0.11.0
    #>  [37] stringi_1.8.7           RColorBrewer_1.1-3      limma_3.69.0
    #>  [40] enrichit_0.1.4          jquerylib_0.1.4         GOSemSim_2.39.0
    #>  [43] Rcpp_1.1.1-1.1          Seqinfo_1.3.0           bookdown_0.46
    #>  [46] knitr_1.51              ggtangle_0.1.2          IRanges_2.47.1
    #>  [49] splines_4.6.0           igraph_2.3.1            aisdk_1.1.0
    #>  [52] tidyselect_1.2.1        qvalue_2.45.0           dichromat_2.0-0.1
    #>  [55] yaml_2.3.12             processx_3.9.0          lattice_0.22-9
    #>  [58] tibble_3.3.1            plyr_1.8.9              treeio_1.37.0
    #>  [61] Biobase_2.73.1          withr_3.0.2             KEGGREST_1.53.0
    #>  [64] S7_0.2.2                evaluate_1.0.5          gridGraphics_0.5-1
    #>  [67] polyclip_1.10-7         scatterpie_0.2.6        Biostrings_2.81.1
    #>  [70] pillar_1.11.1           BiocManager_1.30.27     ggtree_4.3.0
    #>  [73] stats4_4.6.0            clusterProfiler_4.21.0  ggfun_0.2.0
    #>  [76] generics_0.1.4          S4Vectors_0.51.2        ggplot2_4.0.3
    #>  [79] scales_1.4.0            tidytree_0.4.7          xtable_1.8-8
    #>  [82] glue_1.8.1              gdtools_0.5.0           lazyeval_0.2.3
    #>  [85] tools_4.6.0             ggnewscale_0.5.2        annotate_1.91.0
    #>  [88] ggiraph_0.9.6           forcats_1.0.1           fs_2.1.0
    #>  [91] XML_3.99-0.23           grid_4.6.0              tidyr_1.3.2
    #>  [94] ape_5.8-1               AnnotationDbi_1.75.0    nlme_3.1-169
    #>  [97] patchwork_1.3.2         ggforce_0.5.0           cli_3.6.6
    #> [100] rappdirs_0.3.4          fontBitstreamVera_0.1.1 dplyr_1.2.1
    #> [103] gtable_0.3.6            yulab.utils_0.2.4       fontquiver_0.2.1
    #> [106] sass_0.4.10             digest_0.6.39           BiocGenerics_0.59.2
    #> [109] ggrepel_0.9.8           ggplotify_0.1.3         org.Hs.eg.db_3.23.1
    #> [112] htmlwidgets_1.6.4       farver_2.1.2            memoise_2.0.1
    #> [115] htmltools_0.5.9         lifecycle_1.0.5         httr_1.4.8
    #> [118] GO.db_3.23.1            statmod_1.5.2           fontLiberation_0.1.0
    #> [121] MASS_7.3-65             bit64_4.8.0

# References

Agarwal, Vikram, George W Bell, Jin-Wu Nam, and David P Bartel. 2015. “Predicting Effective microRNA Target Sites in Mammalian mRNAs.” Elife 4: e05005.
Ally, Adrian, Miruna Balasundaram, Rebecca Carlsen, et al. 2017. “Comprehensive and Integrative Genomic Characterization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.” Cell 169 (7): 1327–41.
Altschuler, Gabriel M, Oliver Hofmann, Irina Kalatskaya, et al. 2013. “Pathprinting: An Integrative Approach to Understand the Functional Basis of Disease.” Genome Medicine 5 (7): 1–13.
Joachim, Rose B, Gabriel M Altschuler, John N Hutchinson, Hector R Wong, Winston A Hide, and Lester Kobzik. 2018. “The Relative Resistance of Children to Sepsis Mortality: From Pathways to Drug Candidates.” Molecular Systems Biology 14 (5): e7998.
Liberzon, Arthur, Aravind Subramanian, Reid Pinchback, Helga Thorvaldsdóttir, Pablo Tamayo, and Jill P Mesirov. 2011. “Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) 3.0.” Bioinformatics 27 (12): 1739–40.
Naderi Yeganeh, Pourya, Yue Yang Teo, Dimitra Karagkouni, et al. 2022. “PanomiR: A Systems Biology Framework for Analysis of Multi-Pathway Targeting by miRNAs.” bioRxiv.
Pita-Juárez, Yered, Gabriel Altschuler, Sokratis Kariotis, et al. 2018. “The Pathway Coexpression Network: Revealing Pathway Relationships.” PLoS Computational Biology 14 (3): e1006042.
Ritchie, Matthew E, Belinda Phipson, DI Wu, et al. 2015. “Limma Powers Differential Expression Analyses for RNA-Sequencing and Microarray Studies.” Nucleic Acids Research 43 (7): e47–47.
Subramanian, Aravind, Pablo Tamayo, Vamsi K Mootha, et al. 2005. “Gene Set Enrichment Analysis: A Knowledge-Based Approach for Interpreting Genome-Wide Expression Profiles.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (43): 15545–50.